Sources & Further Reading

Evidence-based research articles, books, and guidelines to dig deeper into digital wellness topics.

Citations

  1. Liu M, Wu L, Yao S. Dose-response association of screen-time–based sedentary behaviour in children and adolescents and depression. Br J Sports Med. 2016;50(20):1252-1258.
  2. Li L, Zhang Q, Zhu L, et al. Screen time and depression risk: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Front Psychiatry. 2022;13:1058572.
  3. Xiao Y, Meng Y, Brown TT, et al. Addictive Screen Use Trajectories and Suicidal Behaviors in US Youths. JAMA. 2025; e257829.
  4. Hale L, Kirschen GW, LeBourgeois MK, et al. Youth screen media habits and sleep. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2018;27(2):229-245.
  5. Hökby S, Alvarsson J, Westerlund J, et al. Adolescents’ screen time displaces multiple sleep pathways… PLOS Glob Public Health. 2025;5(4):e0004262.
  6. Schmidt-Persson J, et al. Screen Media Use and Mental Health of Children and Adolescents. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7(7):e2419881.
  7. Pieh C, Humer E, Hoenigl A, et al. Smartphone screen-time reduction improves mental health. BMC Med. 2025;23:107.
  8. Adelantado-Renau M, Moliner-Urdiales D, Cavero-Redondo I, et al. Association Between Screen Media Use and Academic Performance Among Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics. 2019;173(11):1058-1067. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.3176
  9. Borzekowski DLG, Robinson TN. The Remote, the Mouse, and the No. 2 Pencil: The Household Media Environment and Academic Achievement Among Third-Grade Students. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 2005;159(7):607-613. doi:10.1001/archpedi.159.7.607
  10. Beland L-P, Murphy R. Ill Communication: Technology, Distraction & Student Performance. Labour Economics. 2016;41:61-76. doi:10.1016/j.labeco.2016.04.004
  11. Paul K. 'Let kids be kids': LA becomes largest US school district to ban phones in class. The Guardian. June 18 2024. Accessed July 5 2025.
  12. Lampropoulos G, Sidiropoulos A. Impact of Gamification on Students’ Learning Outcomes and Academic Performance: A Longitudinal Study Comparing Online, Traditional, and Gamified Learning. Education Sciences. 2024;14(4):367. doi:10.3390/educsci14040367
  13. Pew Research Center. Teens, Social Media and Mental Health. Published April 22 2025. Accessed July 7 2025.
  14. Office of the U.S. Surgeon General. Social Media and Youth Mental Health: The U.S. Surgeon General’s Advisory. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2023. Accessed July 7 2025.
  15. World Health Organization. Adolescent Mental Health and Digital Media: Global Evidence Review. WHO; 2023.
  16. Zheng B, Warschauer M, Lin C, Chang C. Learning in One-to-One Laptop Environments: A Meta-Analysis and Research Synthesis. Review of Educational Research. 2016;86(4):1052-1084. doi:10.3102/0034654316628645
  17. Chang A-M, Aeschbach D, Duffy JF, & Czeisler CA. Evening use of light-emitting eReaders negatively affects sleep, circadian timing, and next-morning alertness. PNAS. 2015;112(4):1232-1237.
  18. Mayo Clinic Staff. Screen time and children: How to guide your child. Mayo Clinic. June 19 2024.
  19. Sleep Foundation. Sleep Strategies for Kids – Implement a Screen Curfew. Updated 2023.
  20. Carter B, et al. Association between portable screen-based media device access or use and sleep outcomes. JAMA Pediatrics. 2016;170(12):1202-1208.
  21. Hale L, et al. Digital Media and Sleep in Childhood and Adolescence. Pediatrics. 2017;140(Suppl 2):S92-S96.
  22. Apple Support. Use Night Shift on your iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch. Updated 2024.
  23. American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Consensus Statement: Recommended Amount of Sleep for Pediatric Populations. J Clin Sleep Med. 2016;12(6):785-786.
  24. Brown TM, et al. Recommendations for daytime, evening, and nighttime indoor light exposure to support sleep and wakefulness. PLOS Biology. 2022;20(3):e3001571.
  25. World Health Organization. Guidelines for Community Noise – recommends < 30 dB(A) in bedrooms at night. WHO Fact Sheet. 2011.
  26. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. What is Cyberbullying? StopBullying.gov. Published 2024. Accessed July 8 2025.
  27. Hinduja S, Patchin JW. Cyberbullying Research Center – Definition & Forms of Cyberbullying. Updated 2024.
  28. National Center for Education Statistics. Bullying at School and Electronic Bullying (Indicator A10). 2023 data release.
  29. Vogels E. Teens and Cyberbullying 2022. Pew Research Center; December 15 2022.
  30. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Warning Signs a Child Is Being Cyberbullied. StopBullying.gov; reviewed 2021.
  31. National Center for Missing & Exploited Children. NetSmartz – Cyberbullying: Signs a Child May Be a Victim. Accessed July 8 2025.
  32. American Academy of Pediatrics. Cyberbullying: How to Help Prevent It. HealthyChildren.org; updated 2022.
  33. StopBullying.gov. Digital Awareness for Parents – Prevent Cyberbullying. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; reviewed 2024.
  34. AAP Center of Excellence on Social Media & Youth Mental Health. Screen Time Guidelines Q&A. 2024.
  35. Sweeney M. How to Prevent Cyberbullying. Verywell Family; 2020.
  36. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. What to Do When Cyberbullying Happens. StopBullying.gov; reviewed 2021.
  37. American Academy of Pediatrics. What Should I Do if My Child Is Bullied Online? HealthyChildren.org; updated 2022.
  38. Hinduja S, Patchin JW. Cyberbullying: Identification, Prevention, and Response. Cyberbullying Research Center; 2024 edition.
  39. StopBullying.gov. Bullying Prevention for Parents of Middle School Students – What to do if your child is bullying others. Reviewed 2024.
  40. American Academy of Pediatrics. Back-to-School Tips for Families – When your child is the bully. HealthyChildren.org; updated 2024.
  41. Hinduja S, Patchin JW. What to Do When Your Child Cyberbullies Others: Tips for Parents. Cyberbullying Research Center; 2023.
  42. American Academy of Pediatrics. "Age to Introduce Social Media" Q&A. HealthyChildren.org; 2025.
  43. Federal Trade Commission. Children’s Online Privacy Protection Rule (COPPA). Accessed 2025.
  44. Federal Trade Commission. Staff Report on Social Media & Video Streaming Surveillance. 2024.
  45. Pirdehghan A, et al. Social Media Use and Sleep Disturbance among Adolescents. Iran J Psychiatry. 2021;16(3):222-230.
  46. American Academy of Pediatrics. "Screen Time Guidelines" & Family Media Plan tool. 2025.

Official Recommendations & Reports

Books & Long-Form Reading

"Digital Minimalism" – Cal Newport

A practical philosophy for intentional technology use and reclaiming focus.

"Glow Kids" – Nicholas Kardaras

Examines screen addiction and its impact on child development.

"Irresistible" – Adam Alter

Explores the rise of addictive technology and the business models behind it.

"The Tech-Wise Family" – Andy Crouch

Strategies for putting technology in its proper place within family life.

Articles & Opinion Pieces